The primary objectives of the 2007-08 THMIS were to provide up-to-date information on the prevalence of HIV infection among Tanzanian adults and the prevalence of malaria infection and anaemia among young children. The 2007-08 THMIS is a follow-up to the 2003-04 Tanzania HIV/AIDS Indicator Survey (THIS). The THMIS also provides updated estimates of selected basic demographic and health indicators covered in previous surveys, including the 1991-92 Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey (TDHS), the 1996 TDHS, the 1999 Reproductive and Child Health Survey, and the 2004-05 TDHS. The national HIV prevalence estimates have depended on the data from the 2003-04 THIS and from the surveillance system, depending on the data needed. The inclusion of HIV and malaria testing in the THMIS offers the opportunity to better understand the magnitude and pattern of infections in the general reproductive-age population and among children under five years in Tanzania. The THMIS results are in turn expected to improve the calibration of the annual sentinel surveillance data, so that trends in HIV and malaria infections can be more accurately measured in the intervals between household surveys and other surveys. This report contains information collected from the interviewed households. The tables and text cover the most important HIV/AIDS and malaria indicators. They should be very useful to policymakers and programme administrators who need up-to-date data for evaluating current activities and for planning future directions. Advantage should be taken of the availability of this information to inform the process of policy formulation, planning, monitoring and evaluation of the HIV/AIDS and malaria programmes in Tanzania. This report will also be useful to all HIV/AIDS and malaria stakeholders, be those at the policy level, programme level, or in academia and research institutions.